confounding

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confounding

Where it comes from

By surface analysis, confound + -ing.

verb

  1. gerund, participle, present present participle and gerund of confound

noun confoundings

  1. The act by which things are confounded, or confused.
  2. The process by which an apparent association between an exposure and an outcome is actually explained by another factor. Confounding is defined as the confusion or distortion of measures of association between exposure and outcome as a result of third (or more) variable(s).

adjective more confounding · most confounding

  1. Confusing, bewildering, baffling or perplexing. We have to with a Heart ſearching God, who will find out every unworthy Communicant to his utter Shame and Confuſion ; when God examins ſuch, his Queſtions will be Nonpluſſing and Confounding,[…]

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MLA

"confounding." Wiktionary, via Micwyn, micwyn.com/word/confounding. Accessed 6 Nov. 2026.

APA

confounding. (n.d.). In Wiktionary, via Micwyn. Retrieved November 6, 2026, from https://micwyn.com/word/confounding

Chicago

"confounding." Wiktionary, via Micwyn. Accessed November 6, 2026. https://micwyn.com/word/confounding.

BibTeX
@misc{confounding_2026,
  title = {confounding},
  howpublished = {Wiktionary, via Micwyn},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://micwyn.com/word/confounding},
  urldate = {2026-11-06}
}