Last

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last¹

  • /lɑːst/ UK
  • /læst/ US
  • /last/ Canada, Northern England
  • /ɫast/ Scotland

Rhymes with -ɑːst, -æst

Where it comes from

From Middle English laste, latst, syncopated variant of latest, both ultimately from Old English latost. Doublet of latest.

adjective

  1. not comparable Final, ultimate, coming after all others of its kind. Will try to fix it by myself for now: as a last resort, we can always take it to a grease monkey.
  2. not comparable Most recent, latest, last so far. The last time I saw him, he was married.
  3. not comparable Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely, or least preferable. He is the last person to be accused of theft.
  4. not comparable Being the only one remaining of its class. Japan is the last empire.
  5. not comparable Supreme; highest in degree; utmost. Contending for principles of the last importance.
  6. not comparable Lowest in rank or degree. Three contestants will win awards, but the last prize is just a book voucher.

determiner

  1. The (one) immediately before the present. We went there last year.
  2. Closest in the past, or closest but one if the closest was very recent; of days, sometimes thought to specifically refer to the instance closest to seven days (one week) ago, or the most recent instance before seven days (one week) ago. It's Wednesday, and the party was last Tuesday; that is, not yesterday, but eight days ago.

adverb

  1. not comparable Most recently. When we last met, he was based in Toronto.
  2. not comparable, sequence after everything else; finally As I arrived last of all, I'll go last to add the butter last.

Similar: lastly

last²

  • /lɑːst/ UK
  • /læst/ US
  • /last/ Canada, Northern England
  • /ɫast/ Scotland

Rhymes with -ɑːst, -æst

Where it comes from

From Middle English lasten, from Old English lǣstan, from Proto-West Germanic *laistijan, from Proto-Germanic *laistijaną. Cognate with German leisten (“yield”).

verb lasts · lasting · lasted

  1. intransitive To endure, continue over time. Summer seems to last longer each year.
  2. intransitive To hold out, continue undefeated or entire. I don't know how much longer we can last without reinforcements.
  3. intransitive, slang To purposefully refrain from orgasm
  4. obsolete, transitive To perform, carry out.

Similar: continue, endure, survive

last³

  • /lɑːst/ UK
  • /læst/ US
  • /last/ Canada, Northern England
  • /ɫast/ Scotland

Rhymes with -ɑːst, -æst

Where it comes from

The noun is derived from Middle English lest, leste (“shoemaker’s model shaped like a foot, last”), from Old English lǣste (“shoemaker‘s last”), from Proto-Germanic *laistiz, from *laisǭ (“track, trail”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys-eh₂-, from *leys- (“to trace; to track”). Doublet of learn and lore.

The verb is derived from the noun.

cognates

* Dutch leest

* German Leisten

* Proto-Germanic *laistaz (“footprint”)

* Swedish läst

noun lasts

  1. A tool in the form of a foot on which an item of footwear (such as a boot or shoe) is placed for shaping while it is being manufactured or repaired. I muſt to the learned to learne of them, that's as much to ſay, as the Taylor muſt meddle vvith his Laſte, the Shoomaker vvith his needle, the Painter vvith his nets, and the Fiſher vvith his Penſill, I muſt to the learned.

verb lasts · lasting · lasted

  1. transitive To shape (an item of footwear such as a boot or shoe) during its manufacture or repair while it is placed on a last (noun etymology 3, noun sense 1). to last a boot

last⁴

  • /lɑːst/ UK
  • /læst/ US
  • /last/ Canada, Northern England
  • /ɫast/ Scotland

Rhymes with -ɑːst, -æst

Where it comes from

From Middle English last, from Old English hlæst (“burden, load, freight”), from Proto-Germanic *hlastuz (“burden, load, freight”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”). Cognate with West Frisian lêst, Dutch last, German Last, Swedish last, Icelandic lest.

noun lasts · lasten

  1. obsolete A burden; load; a cargo; freight.
  2. obsolete A measure of weight or quantity, varying in designation depending on the goods concerned. Now we so quietly followed our businesse, that in three moneths wee made three or foure Last of Tarre, Pitch, and Sope ashes [...].
  3. obsolete An old English (and Dutch) measure of the carrying capacity of a ship, equal to two tons. 1942 (1601), T D Mutch, The First Discovery of Australia, page 14, The tonnage of the Duyfken of Harmensz's fleet is given as 25 and 30 lasten.
  4. A load of some commodity with reference to its weight and commercial value.

Last⁵

Where it comes from

Various origins:

* English metonymic occupational surname for a cobbler, from last (“a tool for shaping shoes”). Compare Laster.

* Also as an English surname, from the adjective last.

* Borrowed from Dutch and German Last, an occupational surname for a porter (see the German entry below).

proper noun Lasts

  1. A surname.

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